Victim Typologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Casualty Typologies - Essay Example mization which includes just a solitary individual being focused on †the goal is simple, there is one individual on the brain of the likely crook and he wished to target just him to profit in some way; optional exploitation includes that an individual be focused on in a roundabout way or generically where the criminal may target somebody close the genuine individual he needs to target anyway acquires the part of danger; tertiary exploitation alludes to when the whole open (completely anybody) is being focused on and there is no specific objective at the top of the priority list as the article is to frighten a bigger horde of individuals; common exploitation is the fourth kind that happens when there are two arrangements of hoodlums that betray one another and target each other for some reason; in conclusion, no exploitation is the point at which it is hard to comprehend and distinguish the objective. There are various contrasts among victimology and criminology, the major being that in criminology, time is spent contemplating the point of convergence of the wrongdoer and the thought process behind his wrongdoing though in victimology, the objective is to enable the casualty to endure as less as could be expected under the circumstances while reestablishing him back to his locale with a mended relationship and perspective concerning the wrongdoing. The previous alludes to contemplating the relationship that a criminal has with a casualty as for the wrongdoing just as the intention behind perpetrating the equivalent and the last alludes to considering the people in question and helping them improve their societal position just as working conditions. Both these examinations fall under the part of wrongdoing studies and they essentially help with expanding the adequacy of the criminal equity framework. There have been various criminal instances generally which might be set apart with both of the casualty typologies; as of June 13, 2011, the body of a youthful understudy Lauren Spierer has been missing and the police in Indianapolis have been searching for indications of either last chance. Her family has been really anxious

Why I Want to Go to College - Essay on Why I Want to Go to College

Why I Want to Go to College - Essay on Why I Want to Go to CollegeThe purpose of writing an essay on why I want to go to college is to persuade college admissions officers that you have a compelling reason for wanting to attend college. Colleges and universities are interested in an applicant's capacity to gain knowledge, create new knowledge, work toward a common goal, and be rewarded with an education. Each of these qualities is an important factor for students who are applying to college. It should not come as a surprise that some of the most competitive colleges and universities seek applicants who demonstrate these qualities.It is common for students to fill out multiple essays for many different colleges and universities. The essays tend to be related to one another, while still offering unique and contrasting points of view.A good essay on why I want to go to college should be able to share with the college admissions officer a description of what motivates you to get ready fo r the upcoming college experience. As with many other forms of expression, the essay is a form of expression and communication. The power of writing can only be realized when an essay comes across as both sincere and authentic.Many times students will write the essay first. But they forget the purpose of the essay and write an essay to conform to a format. A well-written essay is meant to be an individual expression of oneself. It is not meant to adhere to a predetermined format.In this instance, students are actually trying to persuade college admissions officers that they are worthy of an offer. It is not always an easy task. Students can try to use the traditional essay format, or they can be more creative and write an essay to attract the attention of the admissions officer. Writing an essay on why I want to go to college can be both challenging and exciting.As mentioned, writing an essay on why I want to go to college should be about the true purpose of attending college. The p rimary purpose of the essay should be to persuade the college admissions officer that you have the ability to learn and understand the material needed for college. College admissions officers are generally not interested in what you enjoy doing for fun. You have to come across as an individual who has an interest in learning and who can effectively navigate the courses and assignments.Life is an ever-changing experience, and colleges are always adjusting their policies and admission requirements. It is very important to continue to be creative and think outside the box. Essays can be frustrating and depressing, but it is also vital to always have a backup plan.College admissions officers do not look for creativity. They simply want to see that you can effectively apply your mind and your skills to a variety of assignments. They want to know how dedicated you are to the craft of college admissions.

Evidence Based Nursing Research Pain Management

Question: Examine about theEvidence Based Nursing Researchfor Pain Management. Answer: Presentation This examination article is intriguing and useful for a nursing understudy and gives helpful information that could be utilized in future clinical practices. Unrelieved post usable agony is an issue that in spite of various advances in torment the executives despite everything is very common(Allred, 2010). The absolute first line of the exploration article recommends a sensible proof for future research in music treatment being utilized for diminishing post usable agonies. In this quantitative article a positive worldview is inferred and deductive thinking is utilized to test the theory. Writing Review The writing survey shows that there are no holes in the writing yet it never bolsters the requirement for this examination. In this investigation the writing survey gives the databases, for example, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library that were utilized in the past looks into that were done in the middle of 2007-2012. It is very modern. Some essential sources are utilized in the examination with the utilization of referencing apparatuses that are utilized to test methodology that are utilized in this exploration article. The hunt rules additionally included just 2007-2012 articles(Lin, 2011)(Pyati, 2007)(Tse, 2005). This quantitative investigation expressed the utilization of (RBC) relationship based consideration conveyance model to help the examination. In this article the three connections in relationship based consideration conveyance are clarified. These connections are care of partners, care of patients and families and care of self. The model is quickly disclosed to the perusers. This model is by all accounts proper for the taking care of the examination issue as corresponding music treatment has a place with the classification of care of patients and families in the connections based consideration model(Vaajoki, 2011). The RBC model and the theory are not firmly related. The ideas that are utilized in the examination are very steady with the class to which the consideration of patients and families have a place. In this article the operational definitions are very predictable to the meaning of care. The analysts not even once alluded back to the RBC model later in the examination however as indicated by the discoveries we can suggest that they ought to have alluded it. Hence we can indicate that the RBC model is there to help this examination and not to manage this exploration procedure. (Vaajoki, 2013) Point and Hypothesis The point of the investigation is to decide the impact of music treatment on ecological clamor recognition, condition of uneasiness and postoperative torment. The exploration speculation and reason proclamation is distinguishing the predetermined populace and factors for look into study. Theory and reason for existing is appropriately expressed and numerous past examinations were found to help the speculation. This theory is certainly not an invalid speculation in this manner it is inferred yet not expressed. Strategies The examination by Comeaux and Steele Moses gives data about the example and plan alongside the apparatuses and estimations that were utilized for the information investigation. Inspecting The members of the examination were all postoperative patients that were admitted to the careful unit of the Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center (OLOLRMC). The qualification measures that were utilized incorporated a multi day emergency clinic remain; the patient must be arranged and alert. The age of the patients partaking ought to be higher than 18. They ought to have the option to talk and compose English and ought to have hematology-oncology diagnosis(Heidari, 2015). As per the investigation the patients were alloted bunches as opposed to being picked haphazardly. The exploration article doesn't state expressly about the sort of inspecting plan that was utilized however it suggests that it has a continuous examining. At the point when randomization is beyond the realm of imagination successive testing is a superior decision. The thinking for the example that was gathered from a progressing bigger investigation needs the testing of achievability and adequacy. As the littl e size of the example being taken from a bigger report doesn't bolster measurable end legitimacy. It was proposed in the examination that future investigations ought to be recreated with enormous example size and distinctive member populace. These progressions will approve the discoveries. (Songbird, 2013),(Selvendran, 2015),(Hudson, 2015),(Tan, 2015),(Bradt, 2015) The exploration article included a few confinements that could bring about shortcoming and test inclination. Information that was gathered by the utilization of polls indicated that the surveys were dreary and dull. The appropriate responses of certain inquiries unmistakably indicated that a few members got disturbed and annoyed with the inquiries. Race and sexual orientation were the key characters that were recognized in this examination alongside the factors, for example, ecological commotion fulfillment, tension pressure and torment the board fulfillment. The example is constrained to supporting postoperative patients that were meeting the consideration rules thusly generalizability must be upheld if the investigation was rehashed with an alternate example populace of bigger numbers. The information was gathered without anyone else reports as surveys that were called State Trait Anxiety Inventory polls. These polls had 4 point scale called Likert Scale that was part into equal parts in two structures. This 4 point scale was likewise used to gauge patients ecological commotion fulfillment level and patients torment the board fulfillment. This technique works best for the reliant factors estimation. Oneself report technique received by the analysts was satisfactory just when the scales and structures gathered applicable information from the members. Plan In plan of the examination is Quasi test non-proportional benchmark group structure . The exploration question was just a treatment question as the randomized controlled preliminaries were not utilized. Two gatherings were utilized one was a mediation gathering and the other was a benchmark group. The system used to look at was viable in featuring the connection between patients results and reciprocal music treatment. The mediation was precisely and plainly expressed in the exploration article. It was plainly suggested that the day by day clinical staff were utilized as information authorities and were blinded to gather the finished parcels. The patient was made mindful of the examination methodology by the clinical help group and in this manner appropriate intercession devotion was followed. The clinical help group comprised of direct consideration nurture, clinical research, clinical teacher, expert and program executive for nursing research. (Kligler, 2016) The examination was done as a longitudinal report and the primary day was expressed as (TIME 1 ) of the investigation was the day of enlistment or the principal postoperative day. TIME 2 was the second postoperative day followed by TIME 3. After TIME 3 it was discovered that generally the patient was either released or moved and it was additionally noticed that the patient was unrelieved by the post usable torment. As a pilot study an example of 41 members were utilized that improved the measurable end legitimacy. The reliant factors were measurably tried by Likert Scale and State Trait Anxiety Inventory. These means guaranteed that the factual end legitimacy of the investigation was secured. One imperfection in the exploration configuration was that it had no control on the exchange or release of the patients along these lines a patient results can be influenced by rival clarification. As the length of the investigation was just 2-3 days numerous simultaneous occasions can offer asc ent to inside legitimacy issues, for example, halfway fulfillment of survey while releasing or early release. Issues can likewise be brought about by the way that the investigation was not randomized. The outer legitimacy of the examination is at question the same number of outside components, for example, drugs taken by the patient to diminish torment were rarely thought of. Just causal obstruction was drawn by the investigation in the connection between the ward and the autonomous factors. (Krishnaswamy, 2016) Various impediments were available, for example, not appointing patients arbitrarily, patients who were available in control gathering could likewise tune in to music and drugs utilized by the patients were not observed. It is very conceivable that these impediments could have influenced the patients results and influenced the studys legitimacy. In this manner in any event, when the examination is recognizing the restrictions an a lot bigger investigation is should have been led to approve the discoveries. Instruments/Measurements Ecological clamor and agony fulfillment was estimated by two government sanctioned tests by Likert scale and State Anxiety Inventory polls were additionally given to the members. The estimations devices that were utilized were dependable as they were utilized broadly in numerous different examinations. The unwavering quality of the scores originating from the Likert scale was sufficient and the readings were over the 0.7 imprint. The STAI survey dependability was refered to by another exploration article. Inside consistency was found on the Y 2 STAI survey while the Y1 structure was predictable for the 0.7 understanding imprint. Inward consistency, no estimations of legitimacy for the estimation instruments and low dependability are a few focuses that don't bolster the speculation. The trial of the estimation instruments were not utilized or not expressed in the investigation. Information Analysis Distinct measurements were utilized to sum up test segment qualities. These qualities included race, and sex. To compute the mean contrasts in the gathering a matched T test was utilized, though the examination between the gatherings was finished by an autonomous T test. The insights were right and significant factors were depicted in the investigation. In the examination the T test was the inferential measurement. The utilization of parameter estimation was never upheld by a certainty interim just speculation testing data was given. Hazard lists and impact sizes were excluded from the exploration article. The missing factual data yields support for invalid speculation. The report yielded extremely less infor

History Of Adobe Systems John Warnock And Charles Geschke - 550 Words

History Of Adobe Systems: John Warnock And Charles Geschke (Essay Sample) Content: NameTutorDateCourseAdobe Systems Inc.1982 is the year of my birth. Similarly, in 1982 John Warnock and Charles Geschke were employed at Xerox Parc. Xerox Parc which currently is PARC, was a research and development organization in California. PARC is currently noticed by its distinguished achievements and contributions to the world of information technology and hardware development. While at Xerox Parc Charles and John developed a particular computer language that was able to convert graphical images to numbers that could be understood by printers. The developers called the language Postscript; the language was able to translate the images and graphics suitable for screen display into unique numeric characters and symbols understood by printers.The Xerox Parc company liked the software developed by Charles and John so much that it did not issue licenses for public use but instead used the software internally. In 1982 Charles Geschke and John Warnock left the company t o advance in private company of their own, their decision led to the development of Adobe Systems Inc. During the beginning of the company the was not much significance, however, a big break came to the company when Apple Inc. came into view with an individual interest in the postscript language the Adobe Inc. had perfected. In turn, Apple got the first licenses from Adobe Inc. for its products and the postscript language which Apple used for its laser printers it developed. The Adobe Systems advanced in its development with the production of Adobe Illustrator in 1987.The Adobe Illustrator was specialized in design and graphic. Nevertheless, the most significant production of the Adobe Systems Inc. was the Adobe Photoshop. The Adobe Photoshop was originally developed by a Michigan nerd student Noel, who wrote the codes for his personal use. In the same year, Adobe Systems got the distribution license from the developer and started the distribution of the software. However, in 1995, Adobe Systems Inc. got full rights of the Adobe Photoshop for 34.5 million dollars. The company, on the other hand, had concerns about the sales of the software since the software was large and required lots of memory. Fast changing technological advancements also led t...

The Prevention Of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection

This literature review essay will demonstrate a review of four different research articles and research related methodology The articles and review are based on the prevention of Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). The aim of this literature review is to review publications concerning the management of Catheter-related to UTI s including the prevention. Articles reviewed include the various precaution and preventions concerning Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) The article evidence summarized bellow was generated using a literature search conducted for Randomised Controlled Trials, Systemic Review or quantitative and qualitative research. A catheter is used in an event of an individual that has either had trauma or surgery and as a result has temporary urinary retention (Patton Thibodeau, 2013) General strategies for the prevention of CAUTI include measures such as hand hygiene and adherence. Strategies used for the prevention of CAUTI include using an aseptic technique for catheter insertion, limiting the duration of urinary catheters, and following standard infection control precautions for catheter care. Successful achievement implementation of these measures will result in a decrease of CAUTI s (Bennett, 2014). CAUTI are a big problem within the clinical settings. Up to about 80% of individuals develop a UTI due to the presence of a urinary catheter (American Association of critical Care, 2015). Long lasting catheterizationShow MoreRelatedPrevention Of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections Essay1407 Words   |  6 Pages Prevention of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections In the Healthcare Setting Dayna Menard Mount Vernon Nazarene University Prevention of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections In the Healthcare Setting A Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a serious problem in the clinical setting. â€Å"UTIs are mostly associated with catheterization† (Hooton, 2010, p. 629). The infection can be described as bacteria invading the urinary tract. More so, the bacteria accounts for nosocomialRead MorePrevention of Indwelling Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections1120 Words   |  5 Pagesto catheter associated Urinary Tract infection (CAUTI), if nurses and other assistive personnel develop an action plan with a systematic team approach of evidence-based infection control practices, compared to current practices, could it reduce or eliminate incidences of CAUTI? The precise breakdown of the PICO question follows: 1.Population of Interest-- Hospitalised patients. 2.Intervention of Interest--Develop an action plan with a systematic team approach of evidence-based infection controlRead MoreThe Quality Improvement Nursing Process962 Words   |  4 Pagesof catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI’s) during hospitalization and their preventions. It is estimated that 15-25% of hospitalized patients receive a urinary catheter throughout their stay, whether or not they need it. A large 80% of all patients diagnosed with a urinary tract infection (UTI) can be attributed to a catheter (Bernard, Hunter, and Moore, 2012). The bacteria may gain entry into the bladder during insertion of the catheter, during manipulation of the catheter or drainageRead MoreThe Importance Of Cautis774 Words   |  4 PagesCatheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) have become one of the most common healthcare-acquired infections in the United States (Gould, Gaze, Drey, Cooper, 2017). CAUTIs commonly affect elderly patients in both acute-c are settings and long-term care facilities such as nursing homes (Gould et al., 2017). The research suggests that while healthcare-associated urinary tract infections are increasing, the majority of them are preventable by practicing evidence-based prevention measuresRead MoreEssay On Reducing Catheter Of Urinary Tract Infection1131 Words   |  5 PagesTitle: Reducing catheter related urinary tract infection through applying nurse driven and evidence based interventions in Eastern health’s box Hill campus surgical gastrointestinal ward. Statement of the problem: Catheter associated urinary tract infections accounts for 40% of all hospital acquired infections all over the world (Caple Smith, 2016; Gesmundo, 2016; Maki Tambyah, 2001; Mori, 2014; D. Parker et al., 2009; Thomas, 2016; Willson et al., 2009). Nosocomial infections are directly relatedRead MoreThe National Patient Safety Goal1601 Words   |  7 PagesGoal NPSG 0.7.06.01 entitled â€Å" Use proven guidelines to prevent infection of the urinary tract that are caused by catheter† (The Joint Commission, 2015). It will identify reasons why this National Patient Safety Goal was chosen as well as the type of organizations that utilize urinary catheters. It will look into financial implications of implementing educational process versus the hospital cost of Catheter-Associated Urinary Infections (CAUTI). The Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) will demonstrate methodRead MoreThe Importance Of Evidence-Based Practice For CAUTI Prevention1444 Words   |  6 Pagesfor CAUTI Prevention Barbara A. O’Brien Moraine Valley Community College QSEN: Evidence-Based Practice for CAUTI Prevention According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2017), â€Å"Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the fourth most common type of healthcare-associated infection, with an estimated 93,300 UTIs in acute care hospitals in 2011. UTIs additionally account for more than 12% of infections reported by acute care hospitals. Virtually all healthcare-associated UTIs are causedRead MoreCatheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection1445 Words   |  6 PagesCatheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) is defined as the occurrence of a urinary tract infection (UTI) in patients with a urinary catheter in the past 48 hours. Published guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) further defines CAUTI by the presence of significant bacteriuria of ≠¥ 103 CFU/ml found in the urinalysis and signs and symptoms of a UTI without the presence of another cause for these findings. Signs and symptoms of CAUTI could include: altered mentalRead MoreUrinary Tract Infections ( Cautis )798 Words   |  4 PagesBackground and Significance Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are caused by transmission of bacteria to the urinary tract via the urinary catheter during catheter insertion, via the catheter lumen, or by handling of the catheter drainage bag (Mori, 2014). Urinary tract infections (UTIs) account for about 35% of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) and about 80% of the UTIs are related to the presence of indwelling urinary catheter (IUC). CAUTIs are a significant problem affectingRead MoreCatheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections1017 Words   |  4 Pagesacquire urinary tract infection (UTI) during their stay in hospital. Research and practice have both shown that the main cause of frequent UTI in hospital has been urethral catheter for the patients. Meddings, Reichert, Robers, Saint, Stephansky McMahon (2012) find that most (59% to 86%) hospital-acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs) are catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) (p. 305). According to Dailly (2011), approxi mately 20 per cent of all healthcare-associated infections

Metacognition Essay Example For Students

Metacognition Essay Metacognition has been defined as having knowledge (cognition) and having understanding, control over, and appropriate use of that knowledge (Tei and Stewart; as cited by Collins, 1994, p. 2). Wellman (as cited by Berk, 1997) refers to metacognitive knowledge as being made up of four interrelated component : knowledge of self, task, strategies and interaction. The conscious control over and use of these knowledge components emerges through the application of metacognitive skills (or strategies), which include all those methods learners employ to think, study and solve problems (Slavin, 1997). Unlike some other areas of child development, there is no one theorist credited as heralding and mastering thought on metacognitive development. Rather there have been numerous researchers who have made considerable contributions towards a better understanding of how students study strategies change as they become older. In their study of students from fifth grade through tertiary education, Fleming et al. (1993) found a developmental trend for increasing differentiation of lower-level (rote memory) strategies and high-level (being-based and self-regulatory) strategies during the high school and university years. Flavell (as cited by Warton, 1998) attributes much of this differentiation to greater metacognitive knowledge of self and task, in that as students mature they are far more accurate in estimating their memory capacity (or changing their strategies and predictions for the next time of they over-estimated). They are also likely to learn the gist of the material (the general id ea) as opposed to verbatim memory input, which is common to children up to eight years of age. Rafoth, Leal and Defabo (1993) also argue that as students develop they are less likely to use rehearsal as a study routine and more likely to acquire sophisticated learning strategies (p.26) such as semantic organisation of material, self-testing and elaboration Creating visual or verbal connections that add meaning to material (Rafoth et al, 1993, p.25). With specific attention to self-testing, Loraner (1994) argues that more mature students are more efficient monitors of their learning, and therefore more active, purposeful and flexible in their strategy use. Hagan, Reed, Wicker, Schallert and Wiehe (1992), have similarly noted the developmental nature of metacognition and study strategies. However, they are cautious not to underrate the considerable importance of effective influences on study activities and their efficacy, highlighting that:The psychological process of being immersed , or involved in what one is studying has an important relationship to the study outcome goals a nd affect that either promote or hinder involvement may influence a students orientation toward studying (for example, the decision to comprehend vs. memorise). (p. 2). Key insights have been made into the relationship between development and study activities, with very distinct changes noted as students mature (Murray-Harvey Keeves, 1994). While much research has also focused on particular age or schooling level groups with regards to metacognitive, and in particular, study skills strategies for example, Hermans (1996) study of undergraduate multiple choice test strategies, and Williams (1997) research into the study strategies of rural at-risk high school students. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between development and study strategies, particularly changes that occur between the senior school years and studies at university. Specifically this study focused on how students prepare for a test, monitor and review their progress and how dependent this monitoring and awareness of ones cognition is affected by age or subject area. In line with the reported research it is hypothesized that a university student will make greater use of meaning based and self regulatory study skills than senior high school students, who have less knowledge about the own learning, across all subject areas. Two males participated in the study. One attends a Catholic High School in a large country town whilst the other attended a Catholic High School in a small Capital city. They are both from similar socio-economic backgrounds. Michael (pseudonym) is 18 years of age and studying for his HSC and achieving above average results. John (pseudonym) is 22 years of age and studying for a Masters degree in Chiropractic Science. He achieves well above average results in his university studies. Although the results John has achieved in his academic career are better it is Michael who comes from a more scholarly background. Due to the striking similarities between the two subjects in gender, schooling institutions and socio-economic status the two main variables were development and personality differences. The only materials used in the study were a tape recorder for recording the subjects responses to the researchers questions (see Appendix 1 and 2), and a pen and paper for recording non-verbal responses. A case study was used to gain qualitative research into the relationship between developmental and study variables in two individuals. After consideration of past research on development and metacognition, subjects were chosen to examine the relevant points of equivalence and contrast between a late high school students and a university students study strategies. Both the subjects were well known to the researcher and as such they were spoken with casually regarding their participation in the study. They were informed about the purpose and nature of the study and questions they would b required to answer. They both consented to participate and signed the consent forms (Appendix 3 and 4). A suitable time for interviewing the subjects was arranged. When the interview started the tape recorder was turned on and the subjects were then questioned regarding their academic careers. A number of questions were posed to investigate their performance on academic tests or exams and their preparation for them. Table 1: Comparison between a university students and a school students responses on study skills. History: Open Book Test (Cheat Sheet) vs EssaysOrthopaedics: True / False vs Essays or Short AnswerHistory: Read textbook. Summarize notesMaths: Read. Learn formulas. Do practice questions. Orthopaedics: True / False Read notes. Doesnt try to memorizeShort Answer Rewrite. Summarize. Elaborate to make meaning. ReadChiropractic Skills: Read. Practice. Does subject use different strategies for different types of exams?Have subjects study strategies changed over time?Does subject recognize the role of environment and motivation on study?Does subject have the ability to self-regulate?Reasonable. Does practice questions for maths but not for interpretative subjects. Excellent varies strategies according to progress, time constraints, exam type and subject. How does subject deal with problems in exams?Leave it and come back if there is time. Leaves it and comes back. Knows own recognition patterns (eg if I know it Ill recognize it). Uses other questions as a springboard for thinking about the Question. Table 1 highlights the significant differences and similarities between the two subjects metacognitive abilities. Johns responses to questions were far more detailed than were Michaels. Michael required far more prompting and gave less precise answers. John on the other hand is well aware of his study strategies and was able and willing to discuss them. Michael responded that he applied the same study skills to groups of subjects regardless of the examination type whereas John recognized that he studied differently for different exam formats. He said that psychologically or perhaps unconsciously he recognizes the difference in the way he studied for a True / False test as opposed to a test which required him to write his own responses. Differing again was the way in which John prepared for a practical examination. Each of the subjects replied that for theoretical and to some extent Johns practical, exams , they read over and summarized their notes and / or their textbooks. Each of them found this process of rewriting and rereading their notes to be the most beneficial to their study. The concept for Johns practical exam was the same, to read the notes and then practise them regularly. Both subjects recognized the role of motivation and environment on their study. Each was aware that they found it difficult to study when there were distracting factors around, such as Michaels example of food, or Johns example of noise. John is far more able to change the way he studies as exams come closer and recognizes the need to do so. He has a good ability to self-regulate in that he is able to reasonably confidently predict his results in examinations. Hamlet: Growing Pains EssayR:Thats great! Thanks for your help!Transcript of Researchers Questions and Johns ResponsesR:For my studies in education I am doing some research into study skills. There are no right or wrong answers and all the data will remain completely confidential. You can stop the interview at any time. Okay?R:You dont mind if I tape record the interview?R:Can you think about an exam you have had recently for me?R:How did you actually study for it?J:Well .. I went through all my lectures to start with and in the first few weeks when I wasnt so busy I came home and rewrote my notes. I use blue and red pen to highlight the important facts. So I rewrote all my notes and then when it came closer to the date I started writing them onto cue cards so I had all the salient points on the cue cards. So I basically keep putting them onto cue cards and once I have finished all my exam notes and yeh Ive got it all on cue cards and I keep reading them. And every time I read the m I remember some more and more and so I take those cue cards out and dont read them again and eventually Im left with 10 or so cue cards. I go through them and decide if they are likely to be in the exam questions and I have quite mastered it and I keep reading through them until Im ready to sit for the exam. R:Okay, so how do you actually go about actually remembering the information?J:Like I said if Ive got time I like to rewrite my notes but that takes a lot of time. Closer to the date I stop that and just keep reading and putting them onto cue cards .. um.. and basically keep reading and .. reading my lecture notes .. I go through the text book and some past paper.. and I prepare my lecture notes and I try and expand on them so I can understand what I am going to have to write about. R:So you dont actually have any tricks for remembering the stuff? You dont make patterns out of the words or anything like that?J:With Orthopaedics its basically a lot of facts and its just remembering and rewriting the facts and sometimes I might use a pneumonic but its not that easy to use a pneumonic because basically, you know A patient presents with. And youve got to know what the facts are. R:Okay can you think of another exam you have had recently?R:Okay. So did you have to prepare for it differently?J:So it was a practical exam. It wasnt a theory exam. Apart from reading lecture notes it was basically practising with friends. R:How to you manage to remember practical information as opposed to the theoretical information?J:I think I read somewhere that it takes two weeks to form a ingrain so basically we get together twice a week and draw a name out of a hat and try and remember the name and the name gives you a clue and youve got to remember all your contacts are and youve just got to keep practising. Yeh basically you see that name of the adjustment and your brains got to think okay and just before you do the adjustment take a deep breath and think of all the things you have gone through with your friends. And thinking what are the important points and hopefully you have done enough practice that it becomes automated. R:Um.. Do you think motivation affects your ability to study?J:Definitely, I think doing 10 or so Masters subjects if you are not motivated I think it becomes tough to sit there and rewrite your lecture notes and to try to remember so many facts. Motivation plays a big part. R:Do you think there is anything else that affects your study?J:Definitely the environment you are studying in and how you are feeling, lack of sleep, I suppose relationships all play a partR:Right. In an exam if you get stuck on a questions what do you do?J:Um, it all depends on if it is a theory or a practical. If it is say a theory question Ill think about it but Ill only think about it for say 30 secs cause if I know it Ill know t straight away. So if Im in a theory Ill just leave it and if Im doing another question and I think of something that answers the question I have left Ill come back to it but basically Ill leave it and try to get marks elsewhere and come back to the question. In a practical exam I suppose try and reread the question take a deep breath and you should know it and hopefully it will come back to you and if it doesnt ask the examiner if I can come back to it and hopefully it come back to me. R:Do you think there is anything that happens in an exam that reminds you of anything that you have forgotten? You know do you think there is anything .. Oh.. I was studying that on a Wednesday after.. Do you try and make a process of your study so that you can try and remember it?J:Not so much days but I read my notes a few times and I think I can almost pinpoint what lecture it was at, who gave the lecture and what his emphasis was. Sometime I can remember what cue card it was on and I try to visualize what I was remembering. Sometimes it is difficult when youve got fact after fact but at least if you cant remember the whole of it you can get some marks. R:Right okay. Are you generally pleased with the results you get?J:Practical more so than theory. Im one of the only ones who hasnt failed a practical station so Im pretty happy with that. Theory sometimes I do really well other times not so well. R:If in one theory subject you have different sorts of exams say multiple choice versus essays. Do you prepare differently?J:Yeh. We have some True / False exams and you know.. with them you think that you dont actually have to remember it .. psychologically.. you just think that you will have to recognize it .. so you dont tend to study it as well. Whereas with other sorts of tests you know you have to know the facts so you actually remember them. R:Well thats it! Thanks for your help!Berk, L.E. (1997). Child Development. (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Collins, N.D. (1994). Metacognition and Reading to Learn. (Report No. EDO-CS-94-09). Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading, English, and Communication, Bloomington, in Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. 376-427)Fleming, S.P., Cornwell, J.M., et al. (1993, April). Developmental Changes in the Factor Structure of a A Self-Report Measure of Study Activities. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Atlanta, GA. Hagan, A.S., Reed, J.H., et al. (1192, April). Motivational and Cognitive Factors Affecring Involvement in Goal Pursuit: A Reconfirmation of Extension of Research. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association , San Francisco, CA. Murray-Harvey ; Keeves, J.P. (1994, April). Students Learning Processes and Progress in Higher Education. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA. Rafoth, M.A., Leal, L. De Fabo, L. (1993). Strategies for Learning and Remembering: Study Skills Across the Curriculum Washington, DC: National Education Association. Slavin, R.E. (1997). Educational Psychology : Theory and Practice. (5th ed.). Boston: Alleyn and Bacon. Warton, P. (1999). Metacognition. Lecture presented at Macquarie University, Sydney. Williams, J.E. (1995, April). Use of Learning and Study Skills among Students Differing in Self-Regulated Learning Efficacy. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA. Williams, J.E. (1996, April). Promoting Rural Students Academic Achievements: An Examination of Self-Regulated Learning Strategies. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, NY. Williams, J.E. (1997, March). Relating Affective and Cognitive Study Strategies to Self-Regulated Learning for Rural At-Risk Students. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Assocation, Chicago, IL. Bibliography:

Read About Your Passages to India Essay Topics

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